Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide solution
Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide solution
Blog Article
Tetrabutylammonium Hydroxide Solution (TBAOH):Overview
Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH) is an organic quaternary ammonium compound, commonly used in organic chemistry as a strong base and a phase transfer catalyst. It is typically available as a solution in water or organic solvents like methanol, ethanol, or acetonitrile. The hydroxide form of tetrabutylammonium is widely used in reactions requiring a non-aqueous base or when a phase transfer catalyst is needed.
Key Characteristics :
Chemical Formula: (C₄H₉)₄N⁺OH⁻
Molecular Weight: 242.45 g/mol (for Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide)
Appearance: Colorless to slightly yellow solution (depending on concentration)
Solubility: Soluble in polar solvents, including water and organic solvents like alcohols, acetonitrile, and ethers
Boiling Point: Decomposes before boiling at high temperatures.
Density: Around 0.90 – 1.00 g/cm³ (depending on the concentration of the solution)
Physical Properties:
Basicity: It is a strong base. When dissolved in water or organic solvents, it dissociates to give the hydroxide ion (OH⁻), which can deprotonate a wide range of acids and other proton donors.
Phase Transfer Catalyst: As a quaternary ammonium salt, TBAOH can also act as a phase transfer catalyst (PTC) in reactions where the reactants are in different phases, such as between an aqueous and an organic phase. It helps in transferring ions across the phase boundary, enabling reactions that might otherwise be difficult.
Volatility: TBAOH is a non-volatile compound when dissolved in polar solvents. However, concentrated solutions of TBAOH can decompose at high temperatures.
Preparation of Tetrabutylammonium Hydroxide:
TBAOH solution is typically prepared by the reaction of tetrabutylammonium salt (such as tetrabutylammonium bromide or tetrabutylammonium chloride) with a strong base like sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH) in water or an appropriate solvent. The reaction forms tetrabutylammonium hydroxide and the corresponding halide (NaCl or KCl).
For example, the synthesis can proceed as follows:
(C4H9)4NCl+NaOH→(C4H9)4NOH+NaCltext{(C}_4text{H}_9)_4text{NCl} + text{NaOH} rightarrow text{(C}_4text{H}_9)_4text{NOH} + text{NaCl}(C4H9)4NCl+NaOH→(C4H9)4NOH+NaCl
Alternatively, TBAOH can be purchased directly as a solution from chemical suppliers in various concentrations.
Applications of TBAOH Solution:
Phase Transfer Catalysis: TBAOH is commonly used as a phase transfer catalyst in organic reactions, especially in reactions that involve the transfer of anionic species between aqueous and organic phases. It can enhance reaction rates and increase yields in processes like alkylation, acylation, and esterification.
Base for Organic Reactions: It is a strong base used in a variety of organic reactions, such as deprotonation of weak acids, nucleophilic substitution reactions, and in the preparation of other organic compounds.
Synthesis of Organic Compounds: TBAOH is involved in synthesizing a variety of organic compounds, including heterocyclic compounds, pharmaceuticals, and other fine chemicals. It is used in both laboratory-scale and industrial-scale reactions.
Polymerization Reactions: Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide can be used in polymer chemistry as a base or catalyst for initiating polymerization reactions, especially in the synthesis of certain specialty polymers and copolymers.
Preparation of Tetrabutylammonium Salts: It is also used in the preparation of other tetrabutylammonium salts, which are useful in various applications, such as electrolytes in batteries, surfactants, and as intermediates in chemical synthesis.
Removal of CO₂: Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide can also be used in CO₂ removal systems (such as in laboratories, industrial applications, and spacecraft) due to its ability to absorb CO₂ and form bicarbonates or carbonates.
Safety and Handling:
Toxicity: Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide is corrosive and can cause severe irritation to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Prolonged exposure or ingestion can result in more serious health effects.
Flammability: The solution is not particularly flammable, but it is highly reactive with acids and should be kept away from strong acid solutions to avoid the release of heat and potentially harmful products.
Protective Gear: Always use gloves, goggles, and protective clothing when handling tetrabutylammonium hydroxide. Work in a fume hood to avoid inhalation of fumes or vapors.
Inhalation: Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide can release ammonia-like fumes. Avoid inhaling these fumes; if inhaled, remove the person to fresh air immediately and seek medical attention if necessary.
Storage: Store TBAOH in tightly sealed containers in a cool, dry place. Ensure that the storage area is well-ventilated. It should be kept away from acids and moisture to avoid decomposition and other hazardous reactions.
First Aid:
Skin Contact: Wash the affected area with plenty of water immediately. Seek medical attention if irritation persists.
Eye Contact: Rinse eyes with water for at least 15 minutes. Seek medical attention immediately.
Inhalation: Move to fresh air immediately. Administer oxygen if necessary and seek medical help.
Ingestion: Rinse mouth with water. Do not induce vomiting. Seek immediate medical attention.
Where to Buy Tetrabutylammonium Hydroxide Solution:
Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide solutions are available from a variety of chemical suppliers, including:
Sigma-Aldrich (Merck)
Fisher Scientific
VWR
Alfa Aesar
TCI Chemicals
These suppliers provide tetrabutylammonium hydroxide in different concentrations and solvents, often for laboratory or industrial use. Be sure to check the product specifications, safety data sheets (SDS), and packaging options before purchasing.
Environmental Impact:
Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, like many organic ammonium compounds, should be disposed of carefully. Avoid release into the environment, especially into water sources, as it can harm aquatic life. Follow local environmental regulations for proper disposal.
Conclusion:
Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide is a versatile and useful chemical, primarily used in organic synthesis as a strong base and phase transfer catalyst. While it is an essential reagent in many applications, it should be handled with care due to its corrosive nature. Proper safety measures and storage conditions should always be followed to minimize risks.
Phone : +49 1512 4714765 ( Germany )
Phone : +1 (702) 381-3042 ( USA )
Email : info@scienceandlaboratoryexp.com
Address : Cunostraße 56, 14193 Berlin. Germany
Address : 7373 Rowlett Park Dr, Tampa, FL 33610, United States.